海天考研前面已经大家介绍了考研英语语法复合句之名词性从句和状语从句，下面继续来学习复合句中定语从句的相关知识。

　　(三)定语从句(Attributive Clause)

　　在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，被定语从句所修饰的词称为先行词，定语从句必须置于先行词之后，定语从句是研究生及四、六级等各类考试的常考点，也是语法重点，本节将着重讲解：

　　1. 引导词关系代词：which， that， who(m)， whose， as

　　关系副词：when， where， why

　　例句： Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a standalone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. (选自2011年Text 3)

　　分析： 该句是复合句。其中，for example作插入语，a standalone media property与BabyCenter为同位语关系;that promotes complementary and even competitive products是一个定语从句，修饰BabyCenter。

　　译文：例如，强生公司创建了宝宝中心网站，它是一家独立的媒体资产，用于推广互补的甚至是竞争性的产品。

　　例句： This trend began during the Second World War，when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. (1996年第72题)

　　分析： 该句是复合句，主干部分为This trend began during the Second World War，when引导一非限制性定语从句修饰the Second World War;that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment是修饰the conclusion that...这一同位语从句中demands的定语从句， 而同位语从句的主干为the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail， 其中make demand of sb. /sth.意为“向某人或某事提出要求”。

　　译文：这种趋势始于第二次世界大战，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。

　　例句： One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberalarts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. (选自2011年Part B)

　　分析：该句是复合句。其中，主句的主干部分是One reason is that they can cut across the insistence;why it is hard to design and teach such courses是一个定语从句，修饰reason;that liberalarts educations and professional education should...in different schools是insistence后的同位语从句。

　　译文：这种课程很难设计和讲授的原因之一就是它们打破了美国顶尖大学一贯坚持的原则：人文教育与专业教育应该独立，并在不同的学院讲授。

　　2.关系代词引出的定语从句和关系副词引出的定语从句

　　考试中涉及定语从句的考点经常是选关系词，而区分关系代词和关系副词是做题依据，关系代词中除whose在句中作定语外，其他各词均在句中作主语或宾语，即除去关系代词后，其后不是一个完整的句子;而关系副词在句中作状语，即除去关系副词后，其后是一个完整句子。

　　例句： Ive kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school with twenty years ago.

　　(画线部分不是一个完整的句子)(1998年第8题)

　　分析：该句是复合句，whom引导的定语从句修饰a girl，其中短语be with sb. at school，意为“在学校与某人是同学”。

　　译文：我与一个二十年前和我在一起读书的女孩一直保持着友谊。

　　例句： Besides， this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.(画线部分是一个完整句子)

　　(选自1999年Text 3)

　　分析： 该句是复合句。主干部分为this is unlikely to produce...in a country，形容词短语as large as ours和定语从句where the economy is spread over...都修饰country， is spread over和involves在定语从句中作并列谓语。

　　译文：另外，像我们这样一个经济发展遍及很多地区，涉及很多跨国公司的国家，职业教育也不可能培养出各种职业所需要的专业人才。

　　3. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

　　定语从句根据其与先行词关系的密切程度分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，限制性定语从句是把主从句看作一个整体，因而关系紧密，不用逗号隔开，从句去掉后，主句不能单独成立;非限制性定语从句是把主从句分开考虑，因而关系松散，通常用逗号隔开，从句去掉后，主句也能单独成立，在引导词中除关系代词that和关系副词why外，其他均可引导非限制性定语从句。

　　例句： It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources， and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. (1999年第75题)

　　分析： 该句是复合句，介词短语to traditional historians与to social science historians并列，每个介词短语都由各自的定语从句来修饰。

　　译文：这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社会科学派。前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。

　　例句： By contrast， they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750， when England was still a completely agricultural country，a period of great abundance and prosperity. (选自1998年Cloze Test)

　　分析： 该句是复合句，主干部分为they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750 a period of great abundance and prosperity，非限制性定语从句when England was still a completely agricultural country修饰hundred years。

　　译文：相比之下，他们认为从1650年到1750年的100年间，虽然英国还是一个完全的农业国，但这一时期是富裕和繁荣的时期。

　　例句： Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and wellorchestrated socialmedia response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the socialnews site Digg. (选自2011年Text 3)

　　分析：该句是复合句。其中，主句的主干部分是Toyota Motor alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year;介词短语with a relatively quick and wellorchestrated socialmedia response campaign作状语，表示方式，修饰动词alleviated;which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites...是一个非限制性定语从句，修饰campaign。

　　译文：例如，丰田汽车公司通过发动相对迅速、精心安排的社交媒体回应活动，包括在微博Twitter和社会新闻网Digg等网站上与消费者直接互动，缓解了今年早期的召回危机所造成的部分损失。

　　4. 介词+which/whom引导的定语从句

　　如果which或whom在定语从句中作介词宾语，那么该介词可以置于从句前，这种定语从句修饰人时，介词后只用whom，修饰物时只用which，不能用that，因为介词后接that意思发生改变，如in+that=because引导原因状语从句，另外介词+which还可等同于关系副词，如in/on， at+which=when/where， for which= why。that/which/whom在从句中充当宾语或介词宾语时，关系代词常省略。

　　例句： Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns)into which they plug each days events. In other words， there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a readymade narrative structure for otherwise confusing news. (选自2001年Text 3)

　　分析：这两句同为复合句，在前后句中各含有一个定语从句into which they plug...和that provides...and...，分别修饰templates和culture，其中plug sth. into sth.意为“塞入或插入”。

　　译文：大多数记者通过一套标准模式来看世界，并用其来衡量每天发生的事。换言之，在新闻阶层有一种传统的写作规则，这种规则为在其他方面可能造成误解的新闻提供主线和现成的叙事结构。

　　例句： The conveniences that Americans desire reflect not so much a leisurely lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are too valuable to be wasted.

　　分析： 该句是复合句，主干部分为The conveniences...reflect not so much a leisurely lifestyle as a busy lifestyle;定语从句that Americans desire和in which...to be wasted分别修饰the conveniences和a busy lifestyle，其中in which中which指代a busy lifestyle。

　　译文：美国人所需要的各种便利条件与其说是反映一种休闲的生活方式，还不如说反映一种忙碌的生活方式，在这种生活方式中，甚至分分秒秒都宝贵得不容浪费。

　　例句： To survive in the intense trade competition between countries， we must gear the qualities and varieties of products we make to the worldmarket demand.(1996年第40题)

　　分析： 该句是复合句，其中不定式短语To survive...countries在句中作状语表示目的。短语gear...to sth.意为“使适应，使适合”。

　　译文：为了在国家间激烈的贸易竞争中能生存下去，我们必须使我们的产品质量和品种适应世界市场需求。

　　5. whose引导的定语从句

　　whose在所引导的定语从句中作定语，既可代表人也可代表物。

　　例句： We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or ecommerce engines within that environment. (选自2011年Text 3)

　　分析： 该句是复合句。whose traffic is so strong that other organizations...是一个定语从句，修饰media;结果状语从句so strong that other organizations place...在句中充当表语。

　　译文：我们把这种出售媒体定义为一种自有媒体，这种媒体的流量很大，因此其他机构也将其广告内容或电子商务引擎置于它的网络环境中。

　　例句： It is perhaps not an exaggeration to say that we shall soon be trusting our health， wealth and happiness to elements with whose very names the general public are unfamiliar.

　　分析：该句是复合句，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语为to say that...，定语从句with whose very names...修饰elements，短语be unfamiliar with...意为“不熟悉或不了解……”。

　　译文：毫不夸张地说，我们很快就将把我们的健康、财富和幸福托付给一般人都不知其名的几种元素。

　　例句： Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber， whose manifesto， published in 1995， scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia.(选自1998年Text 3)

　　分析： 该句是复合句，that the term applies to...是dispute的宾语从句，过去分词短语 published in 1995修饰manifesto，定语从句whose manifesto scorns science and longs for...修饰the Unabomber。

　　译文：把该词用到反原子弹组织身上也不会引起多大争议，该组织在1995年公开发表声明藐视科学，渴望回到前技术时代的理想社会。

　　6. 先行词是指人的集体名词

　　如果强调该集体的整体，关系代词用which引导，如果强调该集体中各个成员，则用who引导。

　　例句： The football team， which isnt playing very well this time， wont most probably place first in the league matches at all.

　　分析： 该句是复合句，which isnt playing very well this time是一个非限制性定语从句修饰the football team。

　　译文：这支足球队这次踢得太差，根本不可能蝉联联赛冠军。

　　例句： The football team，who are taking physical test， will be back here for the result.

　　分析： 该句是复合句，who are taking physical test是一非限制性定语从句修饰the football team。

　　译文：正在参加体能测试的足球队员，一会儿回到这里等结果。

　　7. 名词/代词+of+which/whom引导的定语从句表示整体与部分的关系

　　例句： Beethoven， the great musician， wrote nine symphonies in his life， most of which were written after he had lost his hearing.

　　分析：该句是复合句，主干部分为Beethoven wrote nine symphonies in his life。most of which...是一个修饰symphonies的定语从句。

　　译文：伟大的音乐家贝多芬一生中写了九首交响乐，大部分作品是在耳聋后完成的。

　　例句： Prof. Liu expected me to visit his students for him， most of whom were from abroad.

　　分析： 该句是复合句，most of whom were from abroad是一个定语从句修饰students。

　　译文：刘教授希望我代他去看望他的学生，这些学生大多数来自海外。